Just came across someone today who wasn’t aware of the “BCC” (Blind Carbon Copy) header, and was wondering how an email reached her when her address wasn’t in the “To” header. It’s all too easy to laugh at people who somehow missed learning this stuff, but how often does email get taught these days?
Headers Are Just Comments
Well that heading is a bit of an exaggeration but it’s a helpful exaggeration. It is perhaps more accurate to say the headers are hints to the underlying software. There is a chain of software “under the hood” that takes the email you have composed in some kind of email client (which includes a web mail interface which is the most common way these days), formats it into a suitable format for a “mail transport agent” which then determines the “mail transport agent” is closest to the recipients and sends it there.
You -> Mail client -> Your MTA -> Recipient’s MTA
In terms of headers that you populate to instruct that chain where emails should go, there is :-
- The “To” header which is what is most commonly used.
- The “Cc” (“carbon copy” – an archaic reference) header which allows you to specify additional recipients, but it implies that the additional recipients are included as a courtesy (“You might want to see a copy of this for information.”).
- The “Bcc” (“Blind carbon copy” ) header, which allows you to specify additional recipients but when your client transfers your email to the mail transfer agent it will add the recipients to the “envelope” (which we will explain shortly) but remove the header.
There are two reasons for using “Bcc”. One is basic politeness – if you are sending to a lot of addresses, the recipients will see that header and it can take up valuable screen real estate distracting from the content of the email. The second is security – if you are sending an email to lots of third-party contacts it may well be appropriate (and even required) to hide their addresses from each other. Not everyone wants their relationship with an STD clinic to be “public”!
The “Envelope”
When a client communicates with the mail transport agent, it will use something called SMTP (simple mail transport agent) which is very simplistic and the MTA does not look at the contents to determine anything (or rather it does not need to; some do especially if they do anti-virus scanning) :-
Connected to peach.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 zonky.org ESMTP Exim 24.12 Sat, 06 Apr 2024 09:57:50 +0100
helo pica
250 zonky.org Hello pica.zonky.org [2001:8b0:ca2c:dead::b000]
mail from:<some-forged-address@zonky.org>
250 OK
rcpt to:<address1@zonky.org>
250 Accepted
rcpt to:<address2@zonky.org>
250 Accepted
data
354 Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself
The email appears here including mail headers
.
250 OK id=1rt1ts-0001k8-MM
quit
221 zonky.org closing connectionThat is a forged SMTP transaction with certain details changed. The important bits are in bold which are what your mail client would use to communicate with the mail transport agent. As you can see they are simple enough to be “faked” by a person. There is a great deal of trust going on here – far too much for the modern age – but there are additional controls in place to make forging things somewhat harder than this would imply.
The key commands are as follows :-
- mail from:<some-forged-address@zonky.org>: This specifies the address the email is apparently from. Normally this would be a setting in your mail client (whether you can change this or not), but there is nothing here to stop you setting any address you want. Although there are almost always additional controls in place to make this harder.
- rcpt to:<address1@zonky.org>. This specifies what email address the email should go to. It is usually pulled from the headers you filled in whether that was the To, CC, or BCC headers. At this stage there is no difference. However you can put in addresses that don’t appear in the email at all.
- data. This is where your mail client copies the email that has been composed including all the headers. It will remove the “BCC” header and add some additional ones (such as “Date”). This body may or may not be examined by the mail transport agent; it isn’t necessary to send the email onwards.
So the mail transport agent now has the necessary information it needs to route your email to the required destinations – without looking inside the body. Which is analogous to a letter – the Royal Mail doesn’t open your letter to see where it needs to go, they will just use the address on the envelope.
And so we have the explanation for an email envelope – it is the addresses specified in the SMTP transaction allowing the mail transport agent to route email without looking at the contents. In normal circumstances the mail transport agent for the recipient will discard the envelope before it is placed in the recipient’s mailbox.
Opening The Envelope
Just like real post where you have to trust that nobody along the route between the original writer and the recipient will open the envelope to peruse the contents, the same applies to email. Which all the ‘agents’ along the path can normally be trusted, there is nothing to stop a rogue agent examining the contents of email – whether that’s a snoopy system administrator, an employer with an overly suspicious nature, or law enforcement.
Which explains why it is strongly advisable not to use email for anything secret; or to investigate encrypting emails.
