I have been spending some time looking up information on ZFS for OSX because I’ve used ZFS under Solaris and would quite like it on my new Macbook. In many of the places I looked, there were tons of comments wondering why ZFS would be of any use for ordinary users. Oddly the responders indicating features that are more useful for servers than workstations. The doubters were responding with “So?”.
This is perhaps understandable because most of the information out there is for Solaris ZFS and tends to concentrate on the advantages for the server (and the server administrator). This is perhaps unfortunate because I can see plenty of advantages for ordinary users.
I will go through some of the advantages of ZFS that may work for ordinary users. In some cases I will give examples using a command-line. Apple will undoubtedly come up with a GUI for doing much of this, but I don’t have access to that version of OSX and the command-line still works.
ZFS Checks Writes
Unlike most conventional filesystems, ZFS does not assume that hard disks are perfect and uses checks on the data it writes to ensure that what gets read back is what was written. As each “block” is written to disk, ZFS will also write a checksum; when reading a “block” ZFS will verify that the block read matches the checksum.
This has already been commented on by people using ZFS under Solaris as showing up problematic disks that were thought to be fine. Who wants to lose data ?
This checksum checking that zfs does will not protect from the most common forms of data loss … hard disk failures or accidentally removing files. But it does protect against silent data corruption. As someone who has seen this personally, I can tell you it is more than a little scary with mysterious problems becoming more and more common. Protecting against this is probably the biggest feature of ZFS although it is not something that is immediately obvious.
ZFS Filesystems Are Easy To Create
So easy in fact that it frequently makes sense to create a filesystem where in the past we would create a directory. Why? So that it is very easy and quick to see who or what is using all that disk space that got eaten up since last week.
Lets assume you currently have a directory structure like :-
/Users/mike /Users/john /Users/stuart /Users/stuart/music /Users/stuart/photos
If those directories were ZFS filesystems you could instantly see how much disk space is in use for each with the command zfs list
% zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zpool0 3.92G 23G 3.91M /zpool0 zpool0/Users/mike 112M 23G 112M /Users/mike zpool0/Users/john 919M 23G 919M /Users/john zpool0/Users/stuart 309M 23G 309M /Users/stuart zpool0/Users/stuart/music 78G 23G 78G /Users/stuart/music zpool0/Users/stuart/photos 12G 23G 12G /Users/stuart/photos
With one very simple (and quick) command you can see that Stuart is using the most space in his ‘music’ folder … perhaps he has discovered Bittorrent! The equivalent for a series of directories on a normal filesystem can take a long time to complete.
With any luck Apple will modify the Finder so that alongside the option to create a new folder is a new option to “create a new folder as a ZFS filesstem” (or something more user-friendly).
It may seem silly to have many filesystems when we are used to filesystems that are fixed in size (or are adjustable but in limited ways), but zfs filesystems are allocated out of a common storage pool and grow and shrink as required.
ZFS Supports Snapshots
Heard of “Time Machine” ? Nifty isn’t it ?
Well ZFS snapshots do the same thing … only better. Time Machine is pretty much limited to an external hard disk which is all very well if you happen to have one with you, but not much use when you only have a single disk. ZFS snapshots work “in place” and are instantaneous. In addition you can create a snapshot when you want to … for instance just before starting to revise a large document so that if everything goes wrong you can quickly revert.
Time Machine has one little disadvantage … if you modify a very large file, it will need to duplicate the entire file multiple times. For instance if you have a 1Gbyte video that you are editing over multiple days, Time Machine will store the entire video every time it ‘checkpoints’ the filesystem. This can add up pretty quick, and could be a problem if you work on very large files. Zfs snapshots stores only the changes to the file (although an application can accidentally ‘break’ this) making it far more space efficient.
One thing that zfs snapshots does not do that Time Machine does, is to ensure you have a backup of your data on an external hard disk. The zfs equivalent is the zfs send command which sends a zfs snapshot “somewhere”. The somewhere could be to a zfs storage pool on an external hard disk, to a zfs pool on a remote server somewhere (for instance an external hard disk attached to your Mac at work to give you offsite backups), or even to a storage server that does not understand ZFS! And yes you can send “incrementals” in much the same way too.
Currently using zfs send (and the opposite zfs receive) requires inscrutable Unix commands, but somebody will soon come up with a friendlier way of doing it. Oh! It seems they already have!
Unfortunately I’ve found out that using ZFS with Leopard is currently (10.5.0) pretty difficult … the beta code for ZFS is hard to get hold of, and may not be too reliable. Funnily enough this mirrors what happened when Solaris 10 first came out … ZFS was not ready until the first update of Solaris 10!
Unfortunately it seems that Apple have retreated back from using ZFS in OSX which is a great shame, and until they come up with something better, we are stuck with HFS+, which means not only do we lack the features of a modern filesystem, but we are also stuck with slow fsck times. Ever wonder why sometimes that blue screen of a Mac starting sometimes takes much longer ? The chances are that it is because a filesystem is being checked – something that isn’t necessary with a modern filesystem.